Mohamed Irfan
HIV, a neurotropic virus, immediately invades the brain following infection. HIV replicates in the brain in a modest number of astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages, inducing inflammatory and neurotoxic host responses. The term "Hiv-Associated Neurocognitive Diseases" refers to severe neurological illnesses brought on by HIV (HAND). The development of abnormally low levels of motor coordination, focus, and memory are hallmarks of HAND. From Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment (ANI), Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (MND), to the most severe HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD), HAND has a variety of clinical manifestations. The primary cause of HAND and the most prevalent neurologic condition affecting the brain in those infected with HIV-1 is HIV-Encephalitis (HIVE). There are nine main genetic subtypes of HIV-1, which are divided into three groups (M, O, and N) and demonstrate widespread genetic variation. More than 86% of the circulating HIV-1 variations belong to clades B and C. Clade C of the HIV-1 virus is more prevalent in Southern and East Africa, India, and Nepal than clade B, which predominates in North America, Western Europe, and Australia (responsible for around half of all HIV infections). According to reports, clade B of HIV-1 is more neuropathogenic than clade C. About 20%–30% of people with advanced HIV-1 clade B infection exhibited HAD symptoms before the widespread use of Highly Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART).